BISAC-Code SOC032000 EDU000000. Practical tools and Member State examples, Tool 1: Connecting the EU Funds with the EU’s regulatory framework on gender equality, Legislative and regulatory basis for EU policies on gender equality, Concrete requirements for considering gender equality within the EU Funds, Tool 2: Analysing gender inequalities and gender needs at the national and sub-national levels, Steps to assess and analyse gender inequalities and needs, Step 1. Om myndigheten. Prop. Areas covered by national gender statistics are: population, health and social care, education and research, time use, parental insurance, unpaid work, income-generating employment, entrepreneurship, wages/salaries, income, influence and power, and crime (including violence against women). Uo. The Constitution of Sweden. Stockholm: Socialdepartementet. Overall, Sweden uses a variety of methods and tools to mainstream gender, although these sometimes lack institutionalisation and regularity. CEDAW/C/SWE/CO/8-9. County councils’ key responsibilities are public healthcare and public transport. Hier wird mit den Kindern regelrecht ein gesellschaftspolitisches Experiment durchgeführt, wobei die Kinder aufgrund ihres Alters sich nicht wehren können. That follow-up shows gender differences among the recipients of several reforms, with women and men, girls and boys getting varying shares of the measures. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (2008). Dafür ist … Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan? prostitution and trafficking (February 2018); gender equal life income (December 2017); and. Wichtige längerfristige politische Programme und Beschlüsse zu Gleichstellung und Mainstreaming 5. Överenskommelse mellan staten och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting för att stärka jämställdhetsarbetet på lokal och regional nivå 2018–2020. Om DO. Since 1 January 2018, the Gender Equality Agency is tasked with raising awareness of gender equality policy and gender mainstreaming, increasing coordination, contributing to knowledge and methods and supporting implementation. [11] Diskrimineringsombudsmannen (2019). See all past newsletters. Stockholm: Socialdepartementet. students, Encouraging gender equality activities at the grassroots level across the university, Family-leave without consequences for the academic career, Gender certification: a road to change? However, in accordance with the principle of gender mainstreaming, each minister is responsible for taking a gender equality perspective in their own decisions and for steering agencies and activities within their areas of responsibility to do the same[7]. Makt, mål och myndighet – feministisk politik för en jämställd framtid. The Swedish government has commissioned the Swedish Gender Equality Agency to support government agencies with the work of integrating a gender perspective in all of their operations. The expectation is that the Gender Equality Agency will ensure that the priorities in the government´s gender equality policy have an impact and contribute to more effective implementation of Swedish gender equality policy. The board is appointed by the government for a six-year term and is led by a governor (landshövding). Uo. As for representative elected bodies, the parliament maintains 15 committees, none of which is specifically dedicated to gender equality. They have an important role to play as coordinators of regional action to prevent violence against women (by men), honour-related violence and oppression, prostitution and trafficking for sexual purposes, and protection of children subjected to violence. %%EOF Between 2005 and 2017, Sweden’s score increased by 4.8 points (+ 1 point since 2015) and it is 16.2 points above the EU’s score. Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Budgeting in The Government Offices of Sweden Division for Gender Equality Ministry of Employment 1. The Budget Bill adopts sex-disaggregated data and a gender perspective in several areas of expenditure. If certain methods and tools are not mentioned in this section, this does not necessarily mean that they are not used at all by Sweden. Prop. Gender mainstreaming is Sweden’s main strategy for achieving its gender equality policy objectives. The training includes general sensitivity to gender issues, as well as specific training on gender mainstreaming, understanding and performing gender impact assessment, and gender budgeting. The DO receives about 2,000 reports each year, around 200 of which result in supervision (i.e. Similar products are also developed at regional and local levels. Wichtige Untersuchungen, … Stockholm: Finansdepartementet. Rationale for gender equality in research, A practice to award and ensure greater visibility for women researchers, Age limit extension in calls for female researchers with children under 10, Compulsory awareness-raising session for B.A. Gender mainstreaming − and to a lesser extent gender budgeting − take place at many different levels: national, government agencies, county administrative governments, county councils, municipalities, etc., despite the lack of a legal obligation in this respect. SALAR has adopted the European Charter for Equality of Women and Men in Local life, committing itself to promoting gender equality in its capacity as a political organisation, employer and service provider. Später wurde ein viertes R hinzugefügt, um die Genderanalyse zu vervollständigen. Introducing an individualised approach to risk management, Principle 3. Aufgaben und Zuständigkeiten auf Regierungsebene für den Umsetzungsprozess 4. Today, Sweden has Thematic Consultations, in which voluntary organisations participate. (2018)/19:1. h�b```��,JS@(��LZJ� �w�5����X�[a��gKl�``0/�(�0``�}�G�����p�!�)���G؁��A�������F!1�TG. Die 3R-Methode ist ein analytisches Instrument aus Schweden, mit dessen Hilfe die nötigen Informationen zur Umsetzung von Gender Mainstreaming in einem Bereich systematisch erhoben werden können. von Gender Mainstreaming in Schweden – ein Überblick“ Referentin: Kajsa Öbrink, Gleichstellungsexpertin der Provinzialregierung Skane Ort: Länsstyrelsen, Kungsgatan 13 Anschließend: Rückreise . Margarete Blank-Mathieu . Stockholm 1999. chose the partner they want to and so on. Stockholm: Finansdepartementet. In Schweden bemühen sich Politiker seit vielen Jahrzehnten darum, Frauen mit Männern gleichzustellen. Die ursprünglich 3R umfassende Methode wurde in den späten 1990er Jahren in Schweden von der Swedish Association of Local Authorities für Gender-Mainstreaming-Prozesse in den Kommunen entwickelt. Data on gender equality budgetary allocations are published. 6. 13. Nadja Bergmann, Irene Pimminger: PraxisHandbuch Gender Mainstreaming. The purpose of this Act is to combat discrimination and promote equal rights and opportunities, using an intersectional approach, regardless of sex, transgender identity or expression, ethnicity, religion or other belief, disability, sexual orientation or age. Project development and application, Tool 10: Integrating a gender perspective in monitoring and evaluation processes, Steps to integrate a gender perspective in M&E processes, Tool 11: Reporting on resource spending for gender equality in the EU Funds, Tracking expenditures for gender equality, EIGE’s publications on Gender mainstreaming, Data collection on violence against women, Analysis of EU directives from a gendered perspective, Intimate partner violence and witness intervention, Risk assessment and risk management by police, Principle 2: Adopting a victim-centred approach, Principle 3: Taking a gender-specific approach, Principle 4: Adopting an intersectional approach, Principle 5: Considering children’s experiences, Step 1: Define the purpose and objectives of police risk assessment, Step 2: Identify the most appropriate approach to police risk assessment, Step 3: Identify the most relevant risk factors for police risk assessment, Step 4: Implement systematic police training and capacity development, Step 5: Embed police risk assessment in a multiagency framework, Step 6: Develop procedures for information management and confidentiality, Step 7: Monitor and evaluate risk assessment practices and outcomes, Risk management principles and recommendations, Principle 1. they are investigated for their compliance with the Act on Discrimination). Seitenanzahl 278. Gender-Mainstreaming ist ein strategischer Ansatz von Geschlechterpolitik.Im Gegensatz zu den historischen, impliziten Strategien wird Geschlechterpolitik mit diesem Ansatz offengelegt und damit explizit gemacht. 13. Außerdem beschreibt er Gender Mainstreaming als „Ansatz des Systems“ [11] mit den dazugehörigen Grenzen. Sweden has no national action plan on gender equality, as such. The guide illustrates how gender mainstreaming is an essential part of all these A de facto binding government decision guides the use of gender mainstreaming, gender impact assessment and gender budgeting [14]. (2010). (2018). Gender Mainstreaming und Schule: Erfolgsfaktoren und Gegenkräfte ; eine Studie zur Implementierung in Schweden Gender mainstreaming in the school system: factors for success and counter-forces ; results of an empirical study [Zeitschriftenartikel] Seemann, Malwine. Further tasks of the Minister for Gender Equality are coordination, development and follow-up of gender mainstreaming in their areas of responsibility. Note: the methods and tools listed under this section were the focus of EIGE’s 2018-2019 assessment. Uo. The Minister for Gender Equality has the same autonomous power and authority as other ministries, although the responsibility for gender equality is not established by law[6]. Since 1994, official statistics related to individuals must be disaggregated by sex unless there are special reasons for not doing so (Section 14 of the Official Statistics Ordinance, 2001: 100). Diskrimineringsombudsmannen (2019). Die Entwicklung der Gleichstellungspolitik in der BRD 3.2. Die Gleichstellungspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 3.1. How gender-sensitive are parliaments in the EU? Statskontoret (2011). 1. Launching gender equality action plans, 13. Årsredovisning 2017. Nyberg, A. Stockholm: Finansdepartementet. The work is carried out in the following areas: By 31 March each year, the Gender Equality Agency shall present, collect and analyse the measures adopted by relevant government agencies and other actors in order to reach the goals of Sweden’s gender equality policy. Every year a small number of cases come before the courts. Monitoring and steering organisational change, 4. Facts and figures 2018, Gedimino pr. It is not possible to list all of the agencies that gather some form of data from a gender equality perspective. The municipal executive board leads and coordinates the work, with key responsibilities in the areas of social services, childcare, care for older persons and schools. By signing the charter, SALAR has adopted the strategy of gender mainstreaming, thus committing to work towards adopting a gender perspective in all of its planning, decision-making and work on behalf of its members. [14] Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (2008). Dafür ist eigens ein neues Wort eingeführt worden: “hen”. Feminismus und Gender Mainstreaming sind wie alle theoretischen und politisch-strategischen Ansätze kulturell kontextualisiert. feminist foreign policy 2015-2018 (February 2018). Uo. hޤR[o�0�+�#_��4EJBE�:����>�Դ�%���{>;]�B�_��.��R&@A�)�B�8K�T��B,�~� ��ܐ|Q�O��Kr��'Ր2�����Y�/��*�?jR-���V��s����}��r��*ĵ��e[�(�B z2M��/��5|E�����e>�Pk�Pc��Ru��9LYL>���D�y�D��[늢}�NgC�b�:W'�. It involves the integration of a gender perspective into the preparation, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, regulatory measures and spending programmes, with a view to promoting equality between women and men, and combating discrimination. Socialdepartementet och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting SKL (2018). The DO’s tasks are to influence, guide and encourage employers, agencies, municipalities and others to minimise discrimination. Gender Equality in Public Services. The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR) represents the government, professional and employers’ interests of Sweden's 20 county councils/regions and 290 municipalities. Official statistics include only part of the statistics produced by government agencies. - Gender Mainstreaming in Sweden For over 20 years, Sweden has had a political commitment to implement gender mainstreaming. Gesetzliche Regelung in der BRD 3.3. The unit has been active since 1983 and is a legal obligation since 1994. In Annex 3, ‘Economic gender equality between women and men’ (Ekonomisk jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män), the indicators and the development of economic gender equality are presented more thoroughly, alongside a discussion of the areas of power and influence and unpaid domestic and care work. [12] Nicht desto trotz ist Gender Mainstreaming die momentan zumeist angewandte Methode in der Politik. View online/download. A Story of Success? Several evaluation procedures have been adopted (with the exception of regular review meetings) to establish the degree to which reports from the evaluation studies are available. BIC-Code JFSJ JN. Unsere Welt scheint in zwei Hälften eingeteilt, in die Welt von Männern und in die Welt von Frauen. They met under the leadership of the Minister of Gender Equality once or twice a year [12] until the Gender Equality Council was disbanded on 1 July 1 2017. Concluding observations. [16] Statistics Sweden (2018): Women and men in Sweden. (2016). Gender-Mainstreaming im Kindergarten. The work of the Agency requires close cooperation with other government agencies, municipalities, county councils, regions, civil society, enterprises and industry [10]. There are indicators for each of the six sub-goals of gender equality policy. Several agencies currently have requirements related to sex-disaggregated statistics in their instructions, including for non-official statistics. This approach is combined with measures designed to speci-fically target gender inequalities in different policy areas (such as extra funding, extra focus, action plans, etc.). Stockholm: Socialdepartementet. 1002 0 obj <>stream THEMA-Code JBSF JN. One of the main pillars of this feminist government is ensuring that gender equality is included in political policy, both nationally and internationally. It also drafts gender equality policy for the government, as well as providing input to information, publications and training. In the Budget Bill for 2017, the government announced its intention to establish the Swedish Gender Equality Agency [8], which was subsequently set up on 1 January 2018 to contribute to the effective implementation of gender equality policy. Stockholm: Finansdepartementet. Establishing a gender information management system, 11. [13] Socialdepartementet och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting SKL (2018). The training takes up to four hours a year, with the exception of the employees of the government’s gender equality body, who receive eight hours of training per year. endstream endobj startxref CEDAW/C/SWE/CO/8-9, National strategy to prevent and combat men’s violence against women, Some useful advice on gender mainstreaming, Regeringens proposition 1987/88:105 om jämställdhetspolitiken inför 90-talet, Makt att forma samhället och sitt eget liv – nya mål i jämställdhetspolitiken, Makt, mål och myndighet – feministisk politik för en jämställd framtid, Överenskommelse mellan staten och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting för att stärka jämställdhetsarbetet på lokal och regional nivå 2018–2020, Myndighetsanalys av Diskrimineringsombudsmannen 2011:26. Göteborgs universitet: Jämi. The work is supported, coordinated and followed up by the Gender Equality Unit, which prepares and coordinates gender equality questions in the government offices. With 83.6 out of 100 points, Sweden ranks first in the EU on the Gender Equality Index. Each county has a county administrative board (länsstyrelse), a Swedish government agency that is responsible for government administration at county level. Three reasons why gender budgeting is crucial in the EU Funds, How can we apply gender budgeting in the EU Funds? They are allowed to drive a car, study, work. The 1992 legislation on women’s and men’s equal rights in working life was replaced by the Discrimination Act in 2008 (2008: 567). In numerous municipalities and county councils, the elected councils have also adopted the Charter, similarly undertaking to achieve gender equality in their own operations. Collect information and disaggregated data on the target group, Step 2. Vorallem die Schwächsten, die Kinder, werden möglicherweise ernste Probleme durch Gender Mainstreaming (social engineering) bekommen und damit die … Ausgangspunkt für die Einführung von Gender Mainstreaming als staatliche Gleichstellungsstrategie in Schweden war nach Rosenberg die Erklärung „Geteilte Macht, geteilte Verantwortung“ aus … Legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination in the labour market was adopted in 1997 (1997: 1118). Budgetpropositionen för 2017. 13. Makt, mål och myndighet – feministisk politik för en jämställd framtid. Gender Mainstreaming und Schule: Erfolgsfaktoren und Gegenkräfte ; eine Studie zur Implementierung in Schweden Seemann, Malwine Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: Verlag Barbara Budrich Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Seemann, M. (2009). 3 Forschungsprozess Vom Frühjahr 2003 bis zum Herbst 2006 führte ich … Im Global Gender Gap Report des Weltwirtschaftsforum steht Schweden … Das erste, was wir von einem Menschen wahrnehmen, ist sein Geschlecht. Gender Mainstreaming in Österreich. The DO also makes recommendations on reducing discrimination in the future. Mainstreaming essentially offers a pluralistic approach that values the diversity among people of different genders. Sweden & Women’s Rights Gender equality is one of the cornerstones of Swedish society. [����}y��b�� � #�O.5�.�$�D����?1&1���1�100ǀ��0pd� in0��fd� /W��\1�o�,I��������v vf�PsҜ@�G��H��PU P� Work-life balance, Snail’s-pace progress on gender equality in the EU continues, More women in decision-making drives progress, Gender equality inching slowly forward in a fast-changing world of work, Women dominate part-time employment, consigning them to jobs with poorer career progression, Motherhood, low education and migration are particular barriers to work for women, Patchy progress on gender-equal access to financial and economic resources, Lifetime pay inequalities fall on older women, Gender equality in education standing still even as women graduates outnumber men graduates, Both women and men limit their study fields, Adult learning stalls most when reskilling needs are greatest, Enduring burden of care perpetuates inequalities for women, Uneven impact of family life on women and men, More women in decision-making but still a long way to go, Democracy undermined by absence of gender parity in politics, More gender equality on corporate boards — but only in a few Member States, Limited opportunities for women to influence social and cultural decision-making, Behavioural change in health is key to tackling gender inequalities, Lone parents and people with disabilities are still without the health support they need, Data gaps mask the true scale of gender-based violence in the EU, Backlash against gender equality undermines legal efforts to end violence against women, Informal care of older people, people with disabilities and long-term care services, Informal care of children and childcare services. Rather, there are several action plans related to different aspects of gender equality, with the most recent action plans addressing: Sweden also has a written communication, titled ‘Power, Goals and Agency - a feminist policy for a gender equal future’ [4], in which the government presents the focus of its gender equality policy. h�bbd```b``V��@$����d�H�(��,> DM�� Iƾ�@���t&F�4�.F����� K� Gender mainstreaming is the intergovernmentally agreed global strategy for achieving gender equality. Stockholm: Finansdepartementet. The Constitution of Sweden. The government provides a clear statement of gender-related objectives in respect of budgets and each proposal in the Budget Act is accompanied by a gender impact assessment. Budgetpropositionen för 2019. 4. Begriffsbestimmungen: Gleichstellungspolitik und Gender Mainstreaming in Schweden 2. Available at: [10] Jämställdhetsmyndigheten (2019). 13. 4. ‘Gender equality and newly arrived migrant establishment’ (Jämställdhet och nyanlända invandrares etablering Uo 13), for example, is followed-up on the basis of the gender equality indicators and the allocation of resources to gender equality policy. In Schweden gibt es immer mehr Kindergärten und Grundschulen, in denen die Kinder gender-neutral erzogen werden und mit geschlechtslosen Pronomen angesprochen werden. National strategy to prevent and combat men’s violence against women. Regeringens proposition 1987/88:105 om jämställdhetspolitiken inför 90-talet. (2016). Bundesministerium des Innern (2000), … [4] Skr. In the past three years, gender impact assessment, gender monitoring and gender evaluation have all been undertaken. Die Schwedinnen und Schweden sind stolz auf ihre Vorreiterrolle in Sachen Gender Mainstreaming. Regeringens proposition 2005/06:155 Makt att forma samhället och sitt eget liv – nya mål i jämställdhetspolitiken. These county councils are governed by a county council assembly (landstingsfullmäktige), which is elected by county constituents every four years, in conjunction with general elections. ISBN 978-3-8394-1253-4. Stockholm: Finansdepartementet. Om DO. [1] Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (2008). Överenskommelse mellan staten och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting för att stärka jämställdhetsarbetet på lokal och regional nivå 2018–2020. 983 0 obj <> endobj Skr. „Gender Mainstreaming auf der regionalen Ebene“ Für die Untersuchungen auf der regionalen Ebene hat Dietrich Englert in Schweden die Region Gävleborg und in Deutschland Brandenburg ausgewählt. (SE), Gender lectureship: a model for mainstreaming in higher education, High-profile tenure-track positions for top female scientists, Introducing a gender perspective in research content and teaching, Maternity Cover Fund and Return to Work policy, National connections at Fraunhofer Gesellschaft: the National Committee, Overcoming bias in personnel selection procedures, Participatory approach towards development of Career Development Plan, Protocol for preventing and tackling sexual harassment and gender-based violence, School of drafting and management for European projects, Stimulating personal development to improve women academics’ positions, Teaching-free period when returning from parental leave, The Gender Balance Committee of the Genomic Regulation Centre (ES), WiSER (Centre for Women in Science and Engineering Research), Women represented in all rounds of applications, Self-assessment, scoring and interpretation of parliament gender-sensitivity, AREA 1 – Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament, Domain 1 – Electoral system and gender quotas, Domain 2 - Political party/group procedures, Domain 3 – Recruitment of parliamentary employees, AREA 2 – Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures, Domain 1 – Parliamentarians’ presence and capacity in a parliament, Domain 3 – Staff organisation and procedures, AREA 3 – Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda, Domain 1 – Gender mainstreaming structures, Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming tools in parliamentary work, Domain 3 – Gender mainstreaming tools for staff, AREA 4 – The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION, Domain 1 – Gender equality laws and policies, AREA 5 – The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function, Domain 2 – Gender equality in external communication and representation. Underpinning the processes with an outcome-focused approach, Principle 5. 13. In 2017, the government tasked the Swedish National Financial Management Authority with proposing methods to follow up and account for the overall effects of the gender equality reforms proposed and implemented, in light of the costs [15]. Establishing an evidence-based approach, Principle 4. Stockholm: Socialdepartementet. Makt, mål och myndighet – feministisk politik för en jämställd framtid. Myndighetsanalys av Diskrimineringsombudsmannen 2011:26. Der Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung spiegelt nicht unbedingt die Meinung oder Haltung der Gen- eraldirektion "Beschäftigung, soziale Angelegenheiten und Chancengleichheit" der Europäis-chen Kommission … Prop. Statistics Sweden has a specific unit in charge of promoting the production of sex-disaggregated data. Statistics Sweden also presents the development of gender equality every other year, in a publication titled ‘Women and men in Sweden. 13. The county government comprises a state coordination agency, a service agency, and an appeal body, with supervisory responsibility. Schwedin zeigt Denkfehler des Genderismus auf - YouTube Der Kulturmarxismus spiegelt sich in der heutigen Zeit besonders beim Genderismus (auch Gendermainstreaming genannt) … tugal, Schweden, Vereinigtes Königreich-gb) sowie den Dienststellen der Europäischen Kom-mission, unter Mithilfe einer externen Beraterin, Frau Rebecca Franceskides, umfasst. Since 2014, Sweden even has the world's first feminist government, meaning that gender equality is crucial to government priorities, in both decision-making and resource allocation. Gender Equality in Public Services: Some useful advice on gender mainstreaming. Menschen, die sich selbst nicht als weiblich oder männlich bezeichnen wollen, können nun ein drittes Geschlecht in Schweden annehmen. (2018). The statistics are updated twice every year. The production of official statistics is decentralised, and a number of agencies produce relevant statistics within their different fields of expertise. Erst 1995 wurde Gender Mainstreaming im Rahmen der Weltfrauenkonferenz in Peking eine internationale politische Strategie. The mandate of the DO also encompasses transgender identity or expression, ethnicity, religion or other belief, disability, sexual orientation and age. Government employees, including officials at the highest political level, employees of the government’s Gender Equality Unit and the majority of employees in other ministries, participate in gender equality training on an ad hoc basis. (1987). [2] Government Offices (2016a). 13. Mycket snack och lite verkstad? Produktinformationen zu „Gender Mainstreaming in Deutschland und Schweden (eBook / ePub) “ Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich Politik - Politische Systeme - Allgemeines und Vergleiche, Note: 1,3, Universität Kassel, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die hier vorliegende Arbeit behandelt ein Thema, das aktueller den je zu sein scheint. What happens when you violate sexist expectations? There are also national regulations on the quality and evaluation of official statistics. Addressing the issue of representation means looking at the representation of women and men as policy beneficiaries, as well as their representation in the labour force and in the decision making processes. Sveriges Riksdag (2016). Budgetpropositionen för 2017. Gender Mainstreaming in den Niederlanden. Makt, mål och myndighet – feministisk politik för en jämställd framtid. Die Erziehung in Egalia wird völlig von der Gender-Mainstreaming-Ideologie bestimmt, die essentielle Fakten des Menschen aus ideologischer Verblendung und egalitärem ignoriert. Sweden has a history of gender equality legislation, with the first government bill solely focusing on gender equality in different spheres presented to the parliament (Riksdag) in 1988 (Prop. Analysis and follow-up of Sweden’s six gender equality sub-goals and evaluation of the measures implemented; Support government agencies, county councils, regions and municipalities in the implementation of gender equality policy; Coordination and performance of certain assignments in the area of gender equality policy; Allocation of government grants to gender equality projects and women’s organisations; and.