", "Deadly Diseases: Epidemics throughout history", The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology, "Health conditions before Columbus: paleopathology of native North Americans", "The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history", "The Controversial Skill of Columbus as a Navigator: An Enduring Historical Enigma", "Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus (born about 1446, died 1506)", The tropics of empire: Why Columbus sailed south to the Indies, Excerpts from the log of Christopher Columbus's first voyage, The Letter of Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery, Columbus Monuments Pages (overview of monuments for Columbus all over the world). There is also evidence that they had poor diets and were overworked. Cristóbal Colón de Carvajal, 18th Duke of Veragua, "The Letter of Columbus on the Discovery of America", Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor, List of places named for Christopher Columbus, List of monuments and memorials to Christopher Columbus, monuments of Christopher Columbus began to be removed, "Columbus, Diego. Olson, Julius E. and Edward G. Bourne (editors). "[189], Washington Irving's 1828 biography of Columbus popularized the idea that Columbus had difficulty obtaining support for his plan because many Catholic theologians insisted that the Earth was flat,[190] but this is a popular misconception which can be traced back to 17th-century Protestants campaigning against Catholicism. Columbus, for his part, believed an even higher estimate, leaving a smaller percentage for water. 22. Goethe und seine Schwester Cornelia, John F. Kennedy und sein Bruder Bob, die Queen und Margaret: Geschwister schrieben Geschichte. Other languages have changed his name, too: he is Cristóbal Colón in Spanish and Kristoffer Kolumbus in Swedish, for example. ", This map is based on the premise that Columbus first landed at. [29] It has also been written that "conversion of all people to the Christian faith" is a central theme in Columbus's writings which is a central tenet of some Millenarian beliefs. Cristóbal Colón) kam im Jahr 1451 in Genua (Italien) als Sohn eines Webers zur Welt.Kolumbus hatte vier Geschwister, davon drei Brüder: Bartolomeo, Giacomo (span. [155][156] Reactive arthritis is a joint inflammation caused by intestinal bacterial infections or after acquiring certain sexually transmitted diseases (primarily chlamydia or gonorrhea). [106] By the end of 1494, disease and famine had claimed two-thirds of the Spanish settlers. On 22 November, Martín Alonso Pinzón took the Pinta on an unauthorized expedition in search of an island called "Babeque" or "Baneque", which the natives had told him was rich in gold. [48], Though Columbus was wrong about the number of degrees of longitude that separated Europe from the Far East and about the distance that each degree represented, he did possess valuable knowledge about the trade winds, which would prove to be the key to his successful navigation of the Atlantic Ocean. [35] He anchored next to the King's harbor patrol ship on 4 March 1493 in Portugal. Ambitious, Columbus eventually learned Latin, Portuguese, and Castilian. [28] In an account of his fourth voyage, Columbus wrote that "Jerusalem and Mount Sion must be rebuilt by Christian hands". [162][163][u], The anniversary of Columbus's 1492 landing in the Americas is usually observed on 12 October in Spain and throughout the Americas, except Canada. [146], Columbus left for Hispaniola on 16 April heading north. Even his Genoese name is not certain, as historical documents about his origin are scarce. Diego resumed litigation in 1512, which lasted until 1536, and further disputes continued until 1790. There, in turn, the winds curve southward towards the Iberian Peninsula. "Nicolás de Ovando" in. Das Bild wurde nämlich erst nach seinem Tod gemalt. The savants of Spain, like their counterparts in Portugal, replied that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance to Asia. When taken prisoner, they were hanged or burned to death. [161] DNA extraction proved difficult; only short fragments of mitochondrial DNA could be isolated. Columbus: The Lost Voyage. He had the right to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. A total of two billion stamps were issued for all the Columbian denominations, and 72 percent of these were the two-cent stamps, "Landing of Columbus", which paid the first-class rate for domestic mail at the time. The transfers between the Old World and New World that followed his first voyage are known as the Columbian exchange. [83] Columbus took more natives prisoner and continued his exploration. For example, part of the argument that he submitted to the Spanish Catholic Monarchs when he sought their support for his proposed expedition to reach the Indies by sailing west was based on his reading of the Second Book of Esdras (Ezra): see 2 Esdras 6:42, which he took to mean that the Earth is made of six parts of land to one of water. [31] Portuguese navigators tried to find a sea way to Asia. Die Gier nach Gold und Ruhm treibt Christoph Kolumbus an. Half of his crew went ashore to say prayers in a chapel to give thanks for having survived the storm. [171] Columbus's name was given to the federal capital of the U.S. (District of Columbia), the capital cities of two U.S. states (Ohio and South Carolina), and the Columbia River. Dort bat er um eine Audienz mit Ferdinand von Aragon - mit dem Ziel, die Privilegien seiner Familie zu sichern. Geburtsort: Genua Gestorben am 20.5.1506 in Valladolid. A council led by Isabella's confessor, Hernando de Talavera, found Columbus's proposal to reach the Indies implausible. Christopher Columbus[a] (/kəˈlʌmbəs/;[3] born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas. Later, he allegedly made a trip to Chios, an Aegean island then ruled by Genoa. The hawk's bells were to be filled with gold every three months. Another storm forced him into the port at Lisbon. The Brooklyn Museum catalogue notes that the most likely source for Leutze's trio of Columbus paintings is. Kurzbiographie Genua - um 1490 Bildquelle: Wikipedia (Public domain). [69][h] Four hours later, a lookout on the Pinta, Rodrigo de Triana, spotted land, and immediately alerted the rest of the crew with a shout. [194], Historians have traditionally argued that Columbus remained convinced until his death that his journeys had been along the east coast of Asia as he originally intended,[195][171] but writer Kirkpatrick Sale argues that a document in the Book of Privileges indicates Columbus knew he found a new continent. [36][37][35] The sphericity of the Earth is also accounted for in the work of Ptolemy, on which medieval astronomy was largely based. "Columbus's claim to fame isn't that he got there first," explains Martin Dugard, "it's that he stayed. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. In Columbus's time, the techniques of celestial navigation, which use the position of the sun and the stars in the sky, together with the understanding that the Earth is a sphere, had long been in use by astronomers and were beginning to be implemented by mariners. At least one European was fatally wounded, and all of the inhabitants of the canoe were killed or captured. Mai 1506 in Valladolid (Spanien) Beruf: erst Wollweber (wie sein Vater), später Seefahrer und Entdecker Wichtigste Entdeckung: Kolumbus entdeckte Amerika. [191] In fact, the spherical shape of the Earth had been known to scholars since antiquity, and was common knowledge among sailors, including Columbus. [4] He had three brothers—Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo (also called Diego),[2] as well as a sister named Bianchinetta. [137] By this time, accusations of tyranny and incompetence on the part of Columbus had also reached the Court. Christoph Kolumbus erste Reise 1492 bis 1493, R�ckreise nach Europa - Vertrag von Tordesilla, Christoph Kolumbus zweite Seereise, auf der Suche nach dem Goldland, Christoph Kolumbus dritte Reise 1498 bis 1500, Christoph Kolumbus kehrt in Ketten nach Spanien zur�ck, Christoph Kolumbus und seine vierte und letzte Reise nach Amerika, Christoph Kolumbus letzte Tage und sein Kampf um den Titel und Privilegien, Die Irrfahrt der Leiche von Christoph Kolumbus, Nach Christoph Kolumbus benannte Gegenden und andere Ehrungen. [233], Biographers and historians have a wide range of opinions over Columbus's expertise and experience navigating and captaining ships. Cristóvão Colombo, engl. On 22 November, Columbus returned to Hispaniola, where he intended to visit the fort of La Navidad. Christoph Kolumbus wurde 1451 als Sohn eines Webers in der italienischen Hafenstadt Genua geboren. Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange, Westport, 1972, pp. On 3 November, Columbus sighted a rugged island that he named Dominica (Latin for Sunday); later that day, he landed at Marie-Galante, which he named Santa María la Galante. He would be entitled to 10 percent of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity. [38], As far back as the 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes had correctly computed the circumference of the Earth by using simple geometry and studying the shadows cast by objects at two remote locations. [70][71] Columbus later maintained that he had already seen a light on the land a few hours earlier, thereby claiming for himself the lifetime pension promised by Ferdinand and Isabella to the first person to sight land. [35] Returning on 15 March 1493, Columbus was given a warm welcome by the monarchs. [57], In the April 1492 "Capitulations of Santa Fe", King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised Columbus that if he succeeded he would be given the rank of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and appointed Viceroy and Governor of all the new lands he could claim for Spain. Hundert wichtigste Spanier und Spanierinnen der Geschichte. "[217] According to the historian Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, by 1548, 56 years after Columbus landed, and 42 years after he died, fewer than 500 Taíno were living on the island. Proponents of the Black Legend theory of history claim that Columbus has been unfairly maligned as part of a wider anti-Catholic sentiment. Testimony recorded in the report stated that Columbus congratulated his brother Bartolomeo on "defending the family" when the latter ordered a woman paraded naked through the streets and then had her tongue cut out for suggesting that Columbus was of lowly birth. His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa. If it pleases our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highnesses when I depart, in order that they may learn our language. He may have also gone to Iceland in 1477. Nach eigenen Aussagen fuhr Kolumbus schon mit 1. According to Bartolomé de Las Casas, natives were hung in groups of thirteen "in memory of Our Redeemer and His twelve Apostles. John asked Columbus to go to Vale do Paraíso north of Lisbon to meet him. Italienischer Name: Cristoforo Colombo Geboren: wahrscheinlich 1451 in Genua (Italien) Gestorben: 20. [147] His ships next sustained more damage in a storm off the coast of Cuba. When I had taken her to my cabin she was naked—as was their custom. [158] By some accounts, around 1796, when France took over the entire island of Hispaniola, Columbus's remains were moved to Havana, Cuba. "The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985–1503", in. [214], Modern estimates for the pre-Columbian population of Hispaniola vary from ten thousand[215] to more than a million. "Christopher Columbus" is the English version of Columbus's name. By 1481, Toscanelli had sent Columbus a map implying that a westward route to Asia was possible. [111] The neutrality and accuracy of Bobadilla's 48-page report accusing Columbus and his brothers of using torture and mutilation to govern Hispaniola have been disputed by historians, given the anti-Italian sentiment of the Spaniards and Bobadilla's desire to take over Columbus' position. [q], According to the report, Columbus once punished a man found guilty of stealing corn by having his ears and nose cut off and then selling him into slavery. [168] Veneration of Columbus in America dates back to colonial times. [79][204] Thousands of natives are thought to have committed suicide by poison to escape their persecution. [79] He kept sailing along the northern coast of Hispaniola with a single ship, until he encountered Pinzón and the Pinta on 6 January. [175], In 1992, a second Columbian issue was released that was identical to the first to commemorate the 500th anniversary, except for the date in the upper right hand corner of each stamp. Hier wurde Christoph Kolumbus Vizekönig und Gouverneur. Columbus entrusted his older, legitimate son Diego to take care of Beatriz and pay the pension set aside for her following his death, but Diego was negligent in his duties.[26]. The wreck was used as a target for cannon fire to impress the native peoples. [14] These competing hypotheses have generally been discounted by mainstream scholars. [147] Unable to travel farther, on 25 June 1503 they were beached in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica.[148]. Christoph Kolumbus, mit italienischem Geburtsnamen eigentlich Cristoforo Colombo, wurde vermutlich im Jahre 1451 in Genua (Ligurien), des heutigen Italien geboren. Three of the ships headed directly for Hispaniola with much-needed supplies, while Columbus took the other three in an exploration of what might lie to the south of the Caribbean islands he had already visited, including a hoped-for passage to continental Asia. [p] On 30 May 1498, Columbus left with six ships from Sanlúcar, Spain, for his third trip to the New World. Name: Christoph Kolumbus Geburtsdatum: um 1451 (ungefähre Angabe) Geburtsort: Genua, Genua (heute Italien) Eltern: Domenico Colombo, Suzanna Fontanarossa Geschwister: Bartolomeo Kolumbus (Bruder), Giovanni Pellegrino Kolumbus (Bruder), Diego Kolumbus (Bruder), Bianchinetta. The true figure is now known to be vastly larger: about 20,000 kilometres (11,000 nmi). [63] Columbus first sailed to the Canary Islands, which had been largely conquered by Castile. Shipworms also damaged the ships in tropical waters. 2006 documentary by WGBH on the life and travels of Christopher Columbus. [162] Such evidence, together with anthropologic and historic analyses, led the researchers to conclude that the remains belonged to Christopher Columbus. Die genaue Herkunft des Seefahrers ist nicht bekannt. The History Channel. The attacks increased in duration and severity, sometimes leaving Columbus bedridden for months at a time, and culminated in his death 14 years later. Der Entdecker Amerikas begnügte sich jedoch nicht nur damit, der erste historisch wichtige Europäer auf den bisher unbekannten Kontinent zu sein. [218] The indigenous population was reduced by some 90% overall in the century following Columbus's arrival. [57] Isabella was finally convinced by the king's clerk Luis de Santángel, who argued that Columbus would bring his ideas elsewhere, and offered to help arrange the funding. I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves. Many of the names he gave to geographical features—particularly islands—are still in use. He arrived at Santo Domingo on 29 June, but was denied port, and the new governor refused to listen to his storm prediction. Two others thought that they saw such a light, one independently from Columbus. Columbus's strained relationship with the Crown of Castile and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and removal from Hispaniola in 1500, and later to protracted litigation over the benefits that he and his heirs claimed were owed to them by the crown. Columbus subsequently visited the islands now known as Cuba and Hispaniola, establishing a colony in what is now Haiti. In June of that year, the Spanish crown sent ships and supplies to the colony on Hispaniola, which Florentine merchant Gianotto Berardi had helped procure. Christoph Kolumbus wurde auf zwei italienischen 5000-Lire-Banknote abgebildet, die von der Banca d’Italia zwischen 1964 und 1970 sowie 1971 und 1977 ausgegeben wurden. Wir stellen 18 von ihnen vor. Word of his voyage rapidly spread throughout Europe. Michele da Cuneo, Columbus's childhood friend from Savona, sailed with Columbus during the second voyage and wrote: "In my opinion, since Genoa was Genoa, there was never born a man so well equipped and expert in the art of navigation as the said lord Admiral. Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by that contract and his demands were rejected. [53] In May 1489, the queen sent him another 10,000 maravedis, and the same year the monarchs furnished him with a letter ordering all cities and towns under their domain to provide him food and lodging at no cost. [163], In 1877, a priest discovered a lead box at Santo Domingo inscribed: "Discoverer of America, First Admiral". A candidate for sainthood in the Catholic Church in 1866, celebration of Columbus's legacy perhaps reached a zenith in 1892 with the 400th anniversary of his first arrival in the Americas. [134], In poor health, Columbus returned to Hispaniola on 19 August, only to find that many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were in rebellion against his rule, claiming that Columbus had misled them about the supposedly bountiful riches of the New World. The painting was commissioned for a chapel in Seville's Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) and remains there, as the earliest known painting about the voyages of Columbus. There, the royal couple heard the brothers' pleas; restored their freedom and wealth; and, after much persuasion, agreed to fund Columbus's fourth voyage. [51], Columbus sought an audience from the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, who had united several kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula by marrying and were ruling together. The United States issued the series jointly for the first time with three other countries, Italy in lire, Portugal in escudos and Spain in pesetas.[176]. Kolumbus steckbrief. The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicisation of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. Hearing of Columbus's voyage, John told him that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas. King John reportedly knew of the existence of such a mainland because "canoes had been found which set out from the coast of Guinea [West Africa] and sailed to the west with merchandise. After spending more than a week in Portugal, and paying his respects to Eleanor of Viseu, Columbus again set sail for Spain. [105] During his brief reign, Columbus executed Spanish colonists for minor crimes, and used dismemberment as another form of punishment. [177] At the museum associated with the chapel, there are a number of Columbus relics worthy of note, including the armchair that the "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" used at his chart table. Columbus had some of his crew hanged for disobedience. [17] In May 1476, he took part in an armed convoy sent by Genoa to carry valuable cargo to northern Europe. He and his sons, Diego and Fernando, then conducted a lengthy series of court cases against the Castilian crown, known as the pleitos colombinos, alleging that the Crown had illegally reneged on its contractual obligations to Columbus and his heirs. [54], Columbus also dispatched his brother Bartholomew to the court of Henry VII of England to inquire whether the English crown might sponsor his expedition, but he was captured by pirates in the process, and only arrived in early 1491. ", "Dozens of Christopher Columbus statues have been removed since June", "Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus", "Pre-Columbian Hispaniola – Arawak/Taino Indians", "Remembering Columbus: Blinded by Politics", "A Modest Proposal for a Moratorium on Grand Generalizations: Some Thoughts on the Black Legend", "The Black Legend Revisited: Assumptions and Realities", "The White Legend Revisited: A Reply to Professor Hanke's 'Modest Proposal, "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492", "Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain? [33][34] Columbus's plans were complicated by the opening of the southeast passage to Asia around Africa by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, when he reached the Cape of Good Hope (modern-day South Africa). In 1470, the Columbus family moved to Savona, where Domenico took over a tavern. The largest was a carrack, the Santa María, owned and captained by Juan de la Cosa, and under Columbus's direct command. He married Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, daughter of the Porto Santo governor and Portuguese nobleman of Lombard origin Bartolomeu Perestrello. [216] Within three decades, the surviving Arawak population numbered only in the hundreds;[216] "virtually every member of the gentle race ... had been wiped out. It was promoted by Italian-Americans to place themselves as part of the history of the U.S. among discrimination against Italians and Catholics. One scholar lists some European works ranging from the 1890s to 1980s that support Columbus's experience and skill as among the best in Genoa, while listing some American works over a similar timeframe that portray the explorer as an untrained entrepreneur, having only minor crew or passenger experience prior to his noted journeys. A number of returning settlers and sailors lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court, accusing him and his brothers of gross mismanagement. [citation needed], For the nascent United States, other European explorers such as the Venetian John Cabot made poor objects of commemoration due to their ties to Britain, which was the nation that the Americans had fought against for their independence. [47][c] No ship in the 15th century could have carried enough food and fresh water for such a long voyage, and the dangers involved in navigating through the uncharted ocean would have been formidable. For one year Columbus and his men remained stranded on Jamaica. There, he was interviewed by Bartolomeu Dias, who had rounded the Cape of Good Hope a few years earlier, in 1488–1489. Kolumbus dachte jedoch nur an seine zweite Reise in die Neue Welt, um neue Gebiete für Spanien zu entdecken und die bereits bereisten Inseln zu sichern. [44], Furthermore, most scholars accepted Ptolemy's estimate that Eurasia spanned 180° longitude, rather than the actual 130° (to the Chinese mainland) or 150° (to Japan at the latitude of Spain). [226][227] According to some estimates, smallpox had an 80–90% fatality rate in Native American populations. Columbus was widely venerated in the centuries after his death, but public perception has fractured in recent decades as scholars give greater attention to the harm committed under his governance, particularly the near-extermination of Hispaniola's indigenous Taíno population from mistreatment and European diseases, as well as their enslavement. Columbus recognized that it must be the continent's mainland, but still believed it to be Asia. Yet he studied these books, made hundreds of marginal notations in them and came out with ideas about the world that were characteristically simple and strong and sometimes wrong ...[27], Throughout his life, Columbus also showed a keen interest in the Bible and in Biblical prophecies, often quoting biblical texts in his letters and logs. Initial observations suggested that the bones did not appear to match Columbus's physique or age at death. [32] In the 1480s, the Columbus brothers proposed a plan to reach the Indies by sailing west across the "Ocean Sea" (the Atlantic). Henceforth Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres was to be the new governor of the West Indies.[138]. These issues were made from the original dies of which the first engraved issues of 1893 were produced. Word of his voyages soon spread throughout Europe. On his first voyage, he independently discovered the Americas. "Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China – Or Didn't It?" 605ff / Morison, "It is most probable that Columbus visited Bristol, where he was introduced to English commerce with Iceland.". "[140], Some accounts of the alleged brutality of Columbus and his brothers may be part of the Black Legend, an alleged intentional defamation of Spain,[208][209][210] while others challenge the genocide narrative. Christoph Kolumbus war ein italienischer Seefahrer, der in kastilischen Diensten arbeitete. [237], The most iconic image of Columbus is a portrait by Sebastiano del Piombo, which has been reproduced in many textbooks. A Spaniard, Diego Méndez, and some natives paddled a canoe to get help from Hispaniola. [132] Columbus then sailed to the islands of Chacachacare and Margarita (reaching the latter on 14 August),[133] and sighted Tobago and Grenada. [193], On his third voyage, Columbus formulated a new model of the Earth shortly after observing that the North Star is not fixed. He also named the islands of Virgin Gorda ("Fat Virgin"), Tortola, and Peter Island (San Pedro). In, sfn error: no target: CITEREFChrisp2006 (. [110] In February 1495, he took over 1,500 Arawaks, some of whom had rebelled against the oppression of the colonists,[79][111] and many of whom were subsequently released or taken by the Caribs. They could not get up to search for food, and everyone else was too sick to care for them, so they starved to death in their beds. [73][i] Columbus wrote of the indigenous people he first encountered in his journal entry of 12 October 1492: Many of the men I have seen have scars on their bodies, and when I made signs to them to find out how this happened, they indicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. As in the first voyage, the fleet stopped at the Canary Islands, from which it departed on 13 October, following a more southerly course than on the previous expedition. Earle, R. (2012). Columbus, His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth. He was born in Genoa, Italy, in the year 1451. [149][150][151] Help finally arrived, no thanks to the governor, on 29 June 1504, and Columbus and his men arrived in Sanlúcar, Spain, on 7 November. [24] He left Portugal for Castile in 1485, where he found a mistress in 1487, a 20-year-old orphan named Beatriz Enríquez de Arana. Nach 70 Tagen auf dem Atlantik glaubt er sich in Indien – dabei ist er auf einen noch völlig unbekannten Kontinent gestoßen. Christopher Columbus was a Genoese trader, explorer, and navigator. As a result of both the protests and riots that followed the killing of George Floyd in 2020, many public monuments of Christopher Columbus began to be removed. But the door was firmly shut on Columbus's role as governor. [123] Some estimate that a third or more of the natives in Haiti were dead within the first two years of Columbus's governorship,[79][111] many from lethal forced labour in the mines, in which a third of workers died every six months. [39][40] In the 1st century BC, Posidonius confirmed Eratosthenes's results by comparing stellar observations at two separate locations. An address delivered before the American Catholic Historical Society, "Columbus's Plana landfall: Evidence for the Plana Cays as Columbus's 'San Salvador, "Dental Studies Give Clues About Christopher Columbus's Crew", "Saint Croix | island, United States Virgin Islands", Teeth Of Columbus's Crew Flesh Out Tale Of New World Discovery, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700, "The Third Voyage of Christopher Columbus", "Christopher Columbus Voyage on Tripline", "Lost document reveals Columbus as tyrant of the Caribbean", "Christopher Columbus Suffered From a Fatal Form of Arthritis", "DNA verifies Columbus' remains in Spain", "Nuevas aplicaciones en identificación genética", "How Columbus Day Fell Victim to Its Own Success", "The Invention of Christopher Columbus, American Hero", "Bird's-Eye View of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893", "World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 comes alive on computer screens", "Columbus Monuments Pages: Santo Domingo", "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas", "Columbian Exchange – The Old World Meets The New World", "Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day?